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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIII
CHRONOLOGY XVII
MAP XX
1 Why Ukraine? 1
What is the Maidan, and what made it top news around the world? 1
How and why did Russia annex the Crimea from Ukraine? 4
Why did fighting break out in eastern Ukraine in the spring of 2014? 5
Why did the Ukrainian crisis cause tensions between Russia
and the West? 8
2 The Land and the People 11
What is Ukraine’s geographical location, and what natural
resources and industry does it possess? 11
What is Ukraine’s demography and ethnic composition? 13
Who are the Ukrainians, and what is modern
Ukrainian national identity? 14
Is it true that Ukraine is split into pro-Western and
pro-Russian halves? 18
How large is the Ukrainian diaspora, and what role does it play
in North American politics? 21
3 The Making of Modern Ukraine 25
Was Ukraine always part of Russia? 25
What was the medieval state of Kyivan Rus, and was it a Russian
or Ukrainian polity? 27
Who were the Cossacks? 30
Is it true that Ukraine was “reunited” with Russia in 1654? 32
Who was Ivan Mazepa, and why is he considered a “traitor”
in Russia? 35
What were Russia’s imperial policies in Ukraine? 36
Did the Austrian Empire govern its Ukrainian lands differently? 39
What happened in the Ukrainian lands during the revolutionary
turmoil of 1917–1920? 41
Why did the Bolsheviks create a Ukrainian republic within the Soviet
Union, and how did they determine its borders? 44
What was the Holodomor (the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933),
and was it genocide? 47
Is it true that all the Ukrainian lands were united in a single polity
for the first time under Stalin? 49
What is Babi Yar, and how did the Holocaust unfold in Ukraine? 52
Who was Stepan Bandera, and what was the Ukrainian
Insurgent Army? 54
What were the Soviet policies in Ukraine during the postwar period? 56
Who were the dissidents, and how did they contribute to the collapse
of communism? 58
Why did the Chernobyl accident happen, and what was its impact
on Ukraine? 60
4 Ukraine after Communism 63
Did the Ukrainians have to fight the Russians in order to secede
from the Soviet Union? 63
What is the Commonwealth of Independent States? 65
When and why did Ukraine give up its nuclear arsenal? 67
What were Ukraine’s relations with the West and Russia in the first
decade after independence? 69
Did the presidents of independent Ukraine promote a united national
identity? 71
What religions came to prominence in Ukraine after the
Soviet collapse? 73
How did independent Ukraine become an inefficient economy
and a paragon of crony capitalism? 77
Who are the oligarchs? 78
Is Ukraine dependent on Russian gas supplies? 80
5 The Orange Revolution and the EuroMaidan 85
What did the two recent revolutions in Ukraine (2004 and 2013–2014)
have in common? 85
Why did mass protests against President Kuchma develop in the early
2000s, and who led them? 87
What sparked the Orange Revolution in 2004? 89
Was Yushchenko poisoned, and were the culprits ever prosecuted? 92
How was a peaceful resolution reached in the winter of 2004–2005? 93
Did the victors of the Orange Revolution manage to create
a new Ukraine? 95
How did Viktor Yanukovych return to power, first as prime minister and
later as president? 97
Why was Yulia Tymoshenko imprisoned? 99
What caused the new popular revolt in late 2013? 102
What role did the Ukrainian radical right play in the protests, and what
symbols did they use? 104
What led to the high number of casualties on the Maidan in 2013–2014,
as opposed to 2004? 107
Where did Yanukovych seek asylum, and how was the transfer of
power formalized? 110
Was either of the two Ukrainian revolutions the result of a Western
conspiracy? 112
6 Russia’s Annexation of the Crimea and
the War in the Donbas 115
What shared characteristics led the Crimean Peninsula and
the Donbas region to become conflict zones? 115
What was “New Russia,” and why did President Putin revive this
concept? 117
Who are the Crimean Tatars? 119
Why was the Crimea transferred from the Russian SFSR
to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954? 122
Did the Crimea try to separate from Ukraine in the 1990s? 124
Was there a previous conflict between Russia and Ukraine
over the Black Sea Fleet, and how was it resolved? 126
Why was Russia able to take over the Crimea so quickly
and with so little resistance? 128
How is the Crimea being absorbed into Russia? 131
Was the Donbas historically a Russian region? 133
Is it true that a separate republic existed in the Donbas during the
revolutionary era? 135
Did the Donbas stand out among other Ukrainian regions during
the late Soviet period and the post-communist transformation? 138
Why did the armed conflict with the new Ukrainian authorities start
in the Donbas and not in other eastern regions in the spring of 2014? 140
What polities did the separatists create in the Donbas, and why did
Russia not annex them outright, as was the case with the Crimea? 143
Why did the Ukrainian army perform poorly compared
to the pro-Russian forces in the Donbas? 146
Under what circumstances was the Malaysian Airlines passenger
flight shot down over the Donbas on July 17, 2014? 149
What has been the human cost of the armed conflict in the Donbas? 150
7 Building a New Ukraine in a Globalized World 153
What sanctions did the West introduce against Russia, and did they
work? 153
Did Western diplomatic mediation assist in the de-escalation of the
conflict in the Donbas? 155
How should the results of the 2014 presidential and parliamentary
elections in Ukraine be interpreted? 157
What was the composition of the new Ukrainian government,
and what were its first steps? 160
What are the consequences of Ukraine’s Association Agreement
with the European Union? 163
Has the Ukrainian crisis sparked a new Cold War? 164
NOTES 167
FURTHER READING 173
INDEX 179
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