Crimean Tatar (англ.)

0. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Orthography and sound system. . 4
1.2. The vowel system. . . 6
1.3. The consonant system 9
1.3 .1. The consonantal inventory of the Central dialect. 9
1.3 .1.1. Obstruents. . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.1.1.1. Stops . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.1.1.2. Fricatives and affricates. . 12
1.3.1.2. Sonorants . . . 13
1.3 .1.3. Geminates. . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.1.4. Palatalization . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3 .2. Dialectal variation and consonantal inventories . 17
1.4. The prosodic structure of Crimean Tatar. . 19
1.4.1. Syllable templates. . . 19
1.4.2. Cluster simplification. 20
1.4 .3. Stress . . . . . . . . . 22
1.5. Phonological alternations. . 25
1.5.1. Vowel harmony. . . . 25
1.5.1.1. Backness harmony . 25
1.5.1.2 . Rounding harmony. 26
1.5.1.3. Dialectal variation and rounding harmony. 26
1.5.1.4. Consonants and vowel harmony . 28
1.5 .2. Vowel deletion . . . . . . . 28
1.5.3. Consonantal alternations . . . . . . . 31
1.5 .3 .1. Voicing alternations. . . . . . . 31
1.5.3.2. Progressive nasal assimilation.. 32
2. Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1. Morphophonology: suffixes . 33
2.1.1. Vowel harmony. . . . . 33
2.1.2. Consonantal alternations . 34
2.1.3. Vowel-zero and consonant-zero alternations. 34
2.2. Nominal morphology. . . . . . . .
2.2.1. Nouns ............ .
2.2.1.1. Inflectional categories ..
2.2.1.1.1. Number ...
2.2.1.1.2. Possession. . .
2.2.1.1.3. Case ..... .
2.2.1.2. Derivation of nouns.
2.2.1.2.1. Denominal suffixes.
2.2.1.2.2. Deverbal suffixes.
2.2.1.2.3. Reduplication.
2.2.1.2.4. Compounding.
2.2.2. Pronouns . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2.1. Personal pronouns ..
2.2.2.2. Demonstrative pronouns .
2.2.2.3. Reflexive pronouns ..
2.2.2.4. Indefinite pronouns .
2.2.2.5. Negative pronouns .
2.2.2.6. Possessive pronouns
2.2.3. Numerals ........ .
2.2.3.1. Cardinal numerals ..
2.2.3.2. Ordinal numerals ..
2.2.3.3. Distributive numerals ..
2.2.3.4. Approximative numerals .
2.2.4. Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.4.1. Comparative and superlative adjectives
2.2.4.2. Approximative adjectives.
2.2.4.3. Intensive adjectives ....... .
2.2.4.4. Derivation of adjectives. . . . . .
2.2.4.4.1. Adjective-forming suffixes.
2.2.4.4.2. Compound adjectives.
2.2.5. Adverbs ....
2.2.6. Interrogatives .
2.3. Verbal morphology.
2.3.1. Copula .....
2.3.2. Person markers .
2.3.3. Tense/Aspect/Mood ..
2.3.3.1. Indicative ....
2.3.3.1.1. Simple tenses.
2.3.3.1.2. Compound tenses.
2.3.3.2. Conditional.
2.3.3.3. Imperative ..
2.3.3.4. Optative ...
2.3.3.5. Obligative ..
2.3.3.6. Ability and possibility ..
2.3.4. Voice ..... .
2.3.4.1. Causative.
2.3.4.2. Passive ...
2.3.4.3. Reflexive .
2.3.4.4. Reciprocal. .
2.3.5. Verbal suffixes: the order of occurrence.
2.3.6. Non-finite verbs . .
2.3.6.1. Infinitives ...... .
2.3.6.2. Participles ... .. . .
2.3.6.2.1. Past participles .
2.3.6.2.2. Future participles.
2.3.6.2.3 . Present participles ..
2.3.6.3. Converbs .... .. . .
2.3.6.3.1. Present converbs .
2.3.6.3.2 . Past converbs.
2.3.7. Verbal derivation ..
2.3. 7 .1. Suffixation . .
2.3.7.2. Compounding.
2.4. Postpositions . . . . . . .
3. Syntax .. .... .
3.1. Phrase types . .
3.1.1. The noun phrase. . .
3 .1.2. The fmite verb phrase ..
3.1.2.1. Intransitive verbs .
3.1.2.2. Transitive verbs ..
3.1.2.3. Coordination ...
3. 1.2.4. The function of cases .
3.1.2.4.1. Nominative.
3.1.2.4.2. Accusative ..
3.1 .2.4.3. Genitive .
3. 1.2.4.4. Dative ..
3. 1.2.4.5. Locative.
3.1.2.4.6. Ablative.
3.1.2.5. Ditransitives ..
3.1.2.6. Adverbial modifiers ..
3.1.2.7. Causatives ..
3.1.2.8. Passives .. . .
3.1.2.9. Reflexives .. .
3.1.2.10. Reciprocals .
3.2. Sentence types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.2.1. Simple sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.2.1.1. Simple sentences with a verbal predicate. 98
3.2 .1.2. Simple sentences with a nominal or adjectival predicate. 99
3.2.1.3 . Questions. . . . . . . . 101
3.2 .1.3 . 1. Yes/no questions . 101
3.2.1.3.2. Wh-questions . 102
3.2.2. Complex sentences. . 102
3.2 .2.1. Coordination . . . . 102
3.2.2.2. Subordination. . . . 104
3.2.2.2.1. Finite subordinate clauses. . 104
3.2.2.2.2. Non-finite subordinate clauses . 104
3.2.2.2.3. Relative clauses . . 107
3.2.2.2.4. Adverbial clauses . 109
3 .2 .2.2.5 . Conditionals. . 110
3. 3. Negation . 111
3.3.1.-mA. 111
3.3 .2. degil. 112
3.3 .3. joq. . 113
3.3.4. The negative connective 114
3.3.5 . Expressions interacting with negation . 114
3.4. Topicalization. . . . . . . . . . 115
3.5. Interjections and exclamatives . 116
4. Lexicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5. Texts with interlinear glosses and translation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Bibliography.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127